XML Topic Maps through RDF Glasses

The information represented in a topic map, expressed in one of the XML interchange syntaxes for topic maps, can, at some level of detail, be translated into information that is expressed in one of the XML interchange syntaxes for RDF information. The translated information can then be used in the context of RDF applications that would otherwise not be able to use it.

by Nikita Ogievetsky , Cogitech, Inc. nogievet@cogx.com ©Cogitech, Inc.

Slide # 2

RDF Semantic Web Views

Slide # 3

Semantic Web through RDF Glasses

Slide # 4

Semantic Web through XTM Glasses

Slide # 5

RDDL for XTM2RDF glasses frame

<rddl:resource
  ID="SeaCrTopicMapInRDF"
  xlink:title="Sea Creatures Topic Map In RDF"
  xlink:role="http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/"
  xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
  xlink:href="http://www.cogx.com/xtm2rdf/xtm2rdf.xsl"
/>

Slide # 6

XTM-enabling RDF applications

RDF Graphs
RDF Queries
RDF and XTM integration

Slide # 7

TMPM4

Topic Map Theoretical Model

"Just as the practical field of engineering has theoretical physics as its underlying base, the design of systems for organizing information rests on an intellectual foundation." --Elaine Svenonius

Translation from one knowledge representation to another assumes mapping of their corresponding data models. It involves certain assumptions and axioms. One can envision a new line of business in the near future: companies will register semantic web translation services (between various knowledge representation frameworks) with UDDI repositories and compete on the basis of better conveying the original semantic (whatever that means).

Slide # 8

Namespaces and RDF Schemas

RDF Topic Maps (RTM) Schema

http://www.cogx.com/xtm2rdf/rtm.rdf

RDF classes and properties corresponding to core XML Topic Maps constructs.
TMPM4 PSI declarations.

Dogovorennost: XTM2RDF translator always uses rtm namespace namespace prefix.

Slide # 9

Dynamic Namespaces

During transformation association templates (classes) are translated into RDF Classes and Topic Map association member roles are translated into RDF Properties.

Accordingly, namespace declarations are created for each external document containing definitions of

Association templates
Association membership roles

<rdf:RDF
	xmlns:rtm="http://www.cogx.com/rtm#" 
	xmlns:this="#" 
	xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" 
	xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" 
	xmlns:a1="http://www.cogx.com/psi.xtm#">
...

Slide # 10

RDF Classes

rdfs:Class is created for each referenced association template defined inside or outside of the original XTM document.

Class of all associations templated by a template topic.

<rdfs:Class about="http://www.cogx.com/psi.xtm#containment">
	<rdfs:subClassOf resource="http://www.cogx.com/rtm.rdf#association"/>
</rdfs:Class>
<rdfs:Class about="#family">
	<rdfs:subClassOf resource="http://www.cogx.com/rtm.rdf#association"/>
</rdfs:Class>
...
<a1:containment>
	<a1:container>...</a1:container>
	<a1:containee>...</a1:containee>
</a1:containment>
<this:family>
	...
</this:family>

Slide # 11

RDF Properties

rdf:Property is created for each distinct XTM association member role.

a role played in a class of associations (an association template);

<rdf:Property about="http://www.cogx.com/psi.xtm#container">
	<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.cogx.com/psi.xtm#containment"/>
	<rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.cogx.com/rtm#member"/>
</rdf:Property>

in the case of associations that do not have templates

a unique role played in one or more associations. [TMPM4]

<rdf:Property about="http://www.cogx.com/some.xtm#works-for">
	<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.cogx.com/rdf.rtm#association"/>
	<rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.cogx.com/rtm#member"/>
</rdf:Property>
<rtm:association>
	<a2:work-for>...</a2:work-for>
	...
</rtm:association>

Slide # 12

RTM classes and properties.

Association templates and association member roles defined in TMPM4 are echoed in the RTM schema and thus will not demand:

creation of an additional namespace declaration
dynamic creation of corresponding properties and classes.

Slide # 13

XTM <topic>

In XTM <topic> subject can be

Constituted by a resource;

Indicated by one or more resources.

Slide # 14

<topic> processing

Subject is constituted by a resource?

rdf:about attribute pointing to the constituting resource.

<rtm:topic rdf:about="http://www.cogx.com/myphoto.jpg">
...
</rtm:topic>

(Note: there is no need to generate this statement if there are no subject indicators !).

Otherwise

rdf:ID attribute that may or may not be equal to the @id attribute of the original <topic>

<rtm:topic rdf:ID="nikita"> 
...
</rtm:topic>

Slide # 15

<rtm:topic>: binding hub

Groups several resources (binding points) together and demand that they indicate one and the same subject.

<rdfs:Class rdf:ID="topic">
	<rdfs:subclassOf resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Alt"/>
	<rdfs:subclassOf resource="#t-node"/>
	<indicatedBy rdf:resource="http://topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/#elt-topic"/>
	<indicatedBy rdf:resource="http://topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/psi1.xtm#psi-tpic"/>
	<indicatedBy rdf:resource="http://topicmaps.net/pmtm4.htm#gl-topic"/>
	<rdf:comment>The fundamental building block of a topic map.</rdf:comment>
</rdfs:Class>

This a departure from TMPM4 where no special semantics is reserved to represent the fact that a given node in the graph was explicitly demanded by a <topic> element.

<rdfs:Class rdf:ID="t-node">
	<indicatedBy rdf:resource="http://topicmaps.net/pmtm4.htm#gl-t-node"/>
	<rdf:comment>Subject identity point.</rdf:comment>
</rdfs:Class>

Slide # 16

<rtm:indicatedBy>

<rtm:topic> can have one or more <rtm:indicatedBy> properties

<rdf:Property rdf:ID="indicatedBy">
	<indicatedBy rdf:resource="http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/psi1.xtm#subjectIndicatorResource"/>
	<indicatedBy rdf:resource="http://topicmaps.net/TMGraphAPI3.htm#indicatedby"/>
	<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#topic"/>
	<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#scope"/>
	<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#member"/>
	<rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/>
	<rdf:comment>Subject Indicating Resource</rdf:comment>
</rdf:Property>

Slide # 17

Example

<rtm:topic rdf:ID="nikita"> 
	<rtm:indicatedBy rdf:resource="urn:padi-diver-no:9907571524"/> 
	<rtm:indicatedBy rdf:resource="http://www.cogx.com/nikita-ogievetsky.html"/>
</rtm:topic>

Slide # 18

<resourceRef> processing

Outside of XTM <subjectIdentity> element

<resourceRef> elements are translated into <rtm:constitutedBy> property.

<rdf:Property rdf:ID="constitutedBy">
	<indicatedBy rdf:resource="http://topicmaps.net/TMGraphAPI3.htm#constitutedBy"/>
	<indicatedBy rdf:resource="http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/psi1.xtm#subjectConstitutingResource"/>
	<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#member"/>
	<rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/>
	<rdf:comment>Subject Constituting Resource</rdf:comment>
</rdf:Property>

Slide # 19

<topicRef> and <subjectIndicatorRef> processing

Always translated into <rtm:indicatedBy> property.

Subject-based merging applies:

rtm:indicatedBy(rtm:constitutedBy(A))=rtm:constitutedBy(A)
rtm:indicatedBy(rtm:indicatedBy(A))=rtm:indicatedBy(A)

Slide # 20

<instanceOf> processing

In most cases <instanceOf> element expands into class-instance association:

follows rules of <association> processing.

However, <instanceOf> element addressing association template (association-template arc in TMPM4 ):

is translated into rdf:type property .

Slide # 21

Association Classes (templates) in RTM Schema.

rtm:basename - topic-baseName association class

indicated by http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/psi1.xtm#at-topic-basename template.

rtm:occurrence - topic-occurrence association class

indicated by http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/psi1.xtm#at-topic-occurrence template.

rtm:variantname - basename-variantname association class

indicated by http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/psi1.xtm#at-basename-variantname template.

rtm:class-instance - class-instance association class

indicated by http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/psi1.xtm#at-class-instance template.

rtm:class-subclass - class-instance association class

indicated by http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/psi1.xtm#at-superclass-subclass template.

rtm:templaterpc - template - role - rpc (role player constraints) association class

indicated by http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/psi1.xtm#at-template-role-rpc template.

Slide # 22

<baseName> processing

Expanded into topic-basename association and translated into a statement of type rtm:basename.

Class rtm:basename is a class of all associations templated by http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/psi1.xtm#at-topic-basename.

Properties:

rtm:role-topic - whose object is rtm:member indicated by the topic;
rtm:role-name whose object is rtm:member containing a literal string uniquely identifying the topic;
rtm:validIn whose object is the context within which this statement's assertions are valid.
- context within which a literal specified by rtm:role-name property uniquely identifies the topic addressed by rtm:role-topic property.

Slide # 23

<variant> processing

Expanded into baseName-variant association and translated into a statement of type rtm:variantname.

Class rtm:variantname is a class of all associations templated by http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/psi1.xtm#at-basename-variantname.

Properties:

rtm:role-basename - whose object is rtm:member indicated by the rtm:basename statement for which an alternate form is specified.
rtm:role-variantname - whose object is rtm:member constituted by a resource or a literal representing the alternate form.
rtm:validIn whose object is the device context within which the resource identified by rtm:role-variantname property is an appropriate alternate form for topic's base name.

Note: this is another departure from TMPM4 where rtm:role-name and rtm:role-basename are represented by one PSI.

Slide # 24

Descendant <variant> elements

Expanded into basename-variantname associations between the <variant> element itself and the ancestor topic-basename association with device context containing union of <parameter> elements off all intermediate <variant> elements.

Object of rtm:validIn property is rtm:scope containing union of all intermediate <parameter> elements.

Slide # 25

<occurrence> processing

Expanded into topic-occurrence association and converted into a statement of type rtm:occurrence.

Class rtm:occurrence is a class of all associations templated by http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/psi1.xtm#at-topic-occurrence.

Properties:

rtm:role-topic - whose object is rtm:member indicated by the topic;
rtm:role-occurrence whose object is rtm:member constituted by a resource or a literal;
rtm:validIn whose object is the context within which topic-occurrence statement's assertions are valid.

Slide # 26

<occurrence> <instanceOf> processing

Based on the set of the following inferences:

1) Topic addressed by topic occurrence <instanceOf> element is a subclass of rtm:occurrence (topic occurrence).
2)rtm:occurrence is a subclass of rtm:association.
Thus topics addressed by occurrence <instanceOf> elements are association templates.
Thus occurrence's <instanceOf> child is transformed into rdf:type property.

Slide # 27

Derived RDF Schema constracts

At translation time, an rdfs:Class declaration is created for each unique occurrence type (association template).

Inferred occurrence association templates has exactly two roles:

rtm:role-topic
rtm:role-association

Slide # 28

RDF representation for an occurrence. Input.

<topic id="default"/>

...
<occurrence>
	<instanceOf>
		<topicRef xlink:href="#landsc-img"/>
	</instanceOf>
	<scope>
		<topicRef xlink:href="#nikita"/>
	</scope>
	<resourceRef xlink:href="ocean1.jpg"/>
</occurrence>
...
</topic>

Slide # 29

RDF representation for an occurrence. Translation.

<rdfs:Class rdf:about="#landsc-img">
  <rdfs:subClassOf resource="http://www.cogx.com/rtm.rdf#occurrence" />
</rdfs:Class>
...
<this:landsc-img rdf:ID="IDAPAE0">
  <rtm:validIn>
   <rtm:scope>
    <rtm:indicatedBy rdf:resource="#nikita" />
   </rtm:scope>
  </rtm:validIn>
  <rtm:role-topic>
   <rtm:member>
    <rtm:indicatedBy rdf:resource="#default" />
   </rtm:member>
  </rtm:role-topic>
  <rtm:role-occurrence>
   <rtm:member>
    <rtm:constitutedBy rdf:resource="ocean1.jpg" />
   </rtm:member>
  </rtm:role-occurrence>
 </this:landsc-img>
...

Slide # 30

Graph generated by W3C RDF Validation Service

Slide # 31

Simplified graph

(rdf containers types removed)

Slide # 32

<association> processing

Topic Map association is translated into a statement of type rtm:association or one of its subclasses (see association <instanceOf> processing).

rtm:association is a class of all association templates and corresponds to a-node in TMPM4 model.

Properties:

One or more association member-properties whose object is rtm:member container indicated or constituted by topics praying {namespace}:{role} role in association.
- {namespace} refers to the topic map document where association membership {role} is defined.
rtm:validIn whose object is the context within which this rtm:association statement's assertions are valid.

Slide # 33

<association> <instanceOf> processing

Topic map <association> element whose <instanceOf> child points to some association template is translated into...

a statement of that association template class
- Third RDF basic abbreviated form allows to use this Class directly as an element name.

Otherwise <association> element is translated into...

RDF statement of type rtm:association and <instanceOf> element is converted into a class-instance association between newly created rtm:association resource and its class.

Slide # 34

association <member> processing

translated into rtm:member containers that hold t-node ends of topic-association arc.

rtm:member serves as proxy in the association membership role assignment:

Subject in membership container triple.
Object in association role triple.

rtm:member can hold one or more subjects indicated by on of the following refference types:

a resource;
a subject indicated by a resource;
a literal.
(...other choices?)

Slide # 35

Is rtm:member necessary?

rtm:member would not be necessary if RDF were quadruple based rather than triple:

Predicate
Subject
Object
Reference type

Slide # 36

Scopes and s-nodes

XTM <scope> element "specifies the extent of the validity of a topic characteristic assignment". [XTM]

s-node "uniquely represents a scope, i.e., no other s-node can have the same set of component topics" [TMPM4]

association scope arc connects a-node and an s-node.

Slide # 37

<scope> processing

rtm:scope statement is generated for each unique <scope> in the source document.

rtm:association and its subclasses have rtm:validIn property whose object is some rtm:scope statement which contains subjects indicating validity context.

rtm:scope is a subclass of rdf:Bag.

Slide # 38

XTM TripleSet

Object	Predicate	Subject	rtm:topic @rdf:about resource @rdf:ID	rtm:indicatedBy	rdf:resource	rtm:scope	rtm:indicatedBy	rdf:resource	rtm:association {xmlns}:{template}	{xmlns}:{memberRole}	rtm:member rtm:indicatedBy rtm:constitutedBy	rtm:association	rtm:validIn	rtm:scope	rtm:baseName	rtm:role-topic	rtm:member rtm:indicatedBy rtm:constitutedBy	rtm:baseName	rtm:role-name	rtm:member rtm:name	rtm:baseName	rtm:validIn	rtm:scope	rtm:variantName	rtm:role-baseName	rtm:baseName	rtm:variantName	rtm:role-variant	rtm:member rtm:constitutedBy rtm:name	rtm:variantName	rtm:validIn	rtm:scope	rtm:ocurrence	rtm:role-topic	rtm:member rtm:indicatedBy rtm:constitutedBy	rtm:occurrence	rtm:role-occurrence	rtm:member rtm:constitutedBy rtm:name	rtm:occurrence	rtm:validIn	rtm:scope

Slide # 39

RDF-XTM-RDF roundtrip

DC Fragment from PRISM

<rdf:Description rdf:about="ZARA.xml">
	<dc:creator>Jane M. Folpe </dc:creator>
</rdf:Description>

Slide # 40

RDF-XTM

Stylesheet shown at KT2001 transforms above DC fragment to the following XTM representation:

<association>
	<instanceOf>
		<topicRef xlink:href="#authorship"/>
	</instanceOf>
	<member>
		<roleSpec>
			<topicRef xlink:href="#resource"/>
		</roleSpec>
		<topicRef xlink:href="#N11"/>
	</member>
	<member>
		<roleSpec>
			<topicRef xlink:href="#dc-creator"/>
		</roleSpec>
		<topicRef xlink:href="#JaneMFolpe"/>
	</member>
</association>
<topic id="authorship"/>
<topic id="resource"/>
<topic id="dc-creator">
	<subjectIdentity>
		<subjectIndicatorRef xlink:href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1#creator"/>
	</subjectIdentity>
</topic>
<topic id="JaneMFolpe"/>
<topic id="N11">
	<subjectIdentity>
		<resourceRef xlink:href="ZARA.xml"/>
	</subjectIdentity>
</topic>

Slide # 41

XTM-RDF

Going back to XTM:

<rdf:Property rdf:about="#resource">
	<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.cogx.com/rtm.rdf#association"/>
	<rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.cogx.com/rtm.rdf#member"/>
</rdf:Property>
<rdf:Property rdf:about="#dc-creator">
	<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.cogx.com/rtm.rdf#association"/>
	<rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.cogx.com/rtm.rdf#member"/>
</rdf:Property>
<rtm:association rdf:ID="IDAGAQKC">
	<this:resource>
		<rtm:member>
			<rtm:constitutedBy resource="ZARA.xml"/>
		</rtm:member>
	</this:resource>
	<this:dc-creator>
		<rtm:member>
			<rtm:indicatedBy rdf:resource="#JaneMFolpe"/>
		</rtm:member>
	</this:dc-creator>
</rtm:association>
<rtm:classInstance rdf:ID="IDAHAQKC">
	<rtm:role-class>
		<rtm:member>
			<rtm:indicatedBy rdf:resource="#authorship"/>
		</rtm:member>
	</rtm:role-class>
	<rtm:role-instance>
		<rtm:member>
			<rtm:indicatedBy rdf:resource="#IDAGAQKC"/>
		</rtm:member>
	</rtm:role-instance>
</rtm:classInstance>
<rtm:topic rdf:ID="authorship"/>
<rtm:topic rdf:ID="resource"/>
<rtm:topic rdf:ID="dc-creator">
	<rtm:indicatedBy rdf:resource="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1#creator"/>
</rtm:topic>
<rtm:topic rdf:ID="JaneMFolpe"/>
<rtm:topic rdf:about="ZARA.xml"/>

Slide # 42

RDFDB Topic Maps queries

with SQUISH

For more on thiis see [MIT]

Slide # 43

Find all topics that have names in a certain scope.

SELECT ?t, ?name
 FROM  http://localhost/xtm2rdf/rdf8.xml
 WHERE 
   (rtm::role-topic ?a ?z) (rtm::indicatedBy ?z ?t) 
   (rtm::role-name ?a ?z1)(rtm::name ?z1 ?name) 
   (rtm::validIn ?a ?s)(rtm::indicatedBy ?s this::taxon) 
 USING web FOR http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
   rtm FOR http://www.cogx.com/rtm#
   this FOR  http://localhost/xtm2rdf/rdf8.xml#

Slide # 44

Find a topic with a specific name in a certain scope.

SELECT ?t, ?name, ?theme
 FROM  http://localhost/xtm2rdf/rdf8.xml
 WHERE 
   (rtm::role-topic ?a ?z) (rtm::indicatedBy ?z ?t) 
   (rtm::role-name ?a ?z1)(rtm::name ?z1 ?name) 
   (rtm::validIn ?a ?s)(rtm::indicatedBy ?s this::taxon) (rtm::indicatedBy ?s ?theme)
AND ?name ~ Asteroidea
 USING  rtm FOR http://www.cogx.com/rtm#
   this FOR  http://localhost/xtm2rdf/rdf8.xml#

Slide # 45

RDFDB-QL syntax for TMQL expressions.

?association = inScope(?theme)

(rtm::validIn ?a ?s)(rtm::indicatedBy ?s ?theme)

?instance = instanceOf(?class)

(rtm::role-instance ?y ?z1)(rtm::indicatedBy ?z1 ?instance)
(rtm::role-class ?y ?z)(rtm::indicatedBy ?z ?class)

?association = templatedBy(?template)

(rdf::type ?association ?template)

?subclass = subclassOf(?class)

(rtm::role-subclass ?y ?z1)(rtm::indicatedBy ?z1 ?subclass)
(rtm::role-superclass ?y ?z)(rtm::indicatedBy ?z ?class)

Slide # 46

RTM Containers

rtm:topic- subclass of rdf:Alt. Each resource addressed by rtm:indicatedBy properties indicates one and the same subject.
rtm:scope- subclass of rdf:Bag. Its rtm:indicatedBy properties constitute a unique validity context.
rtm:member- subclass of rdf:Bag. Its rtm:indicatedBy properties constitute an association member playing a certain role. Actually XTM distinguishes three types of rtm:member containers by the allowed properties:
- a general <association> role can have only rtm:indicatedBy property;
- variant-role and occurrence-role members can have rtm:constitutedBy and rtm:name properties;
- basename-role members can have only rtm:name properties.

Slide # 47

Why different container types?

rtm:topic, rtm:member and rtm:scope containers look similar.

Why should we distinguish them?

Can rtm:scope be considered a sub-class of rtm:member?

rtm:member represents the union of constituting subjects (subclass of daml:unionOf).
It is still debated whether rtm:scope represents a union or intersection (subclass of daml:intersectionOf) of constituting subjects.
rtm:topic represents an equality of constituting subjects (somewhat like rdf:Alt, no DAML equivalent)

Slide # 48

RDF Topic Maps and DAML

For more on thiis see [MIT]

Slide # 49

XTM Associations and DAML

<rtm:association>
  <rtm:validIn>
      <rtm:scope rdf:about="#topic-maps-and-xslt-expert"/>
  </rtm:validIn>
  <this:employed-by>
    <daml:unionOf parseType="daml:collection">
      <rtm:topic rdf:about="#cogitech"/>
      <rtm:topic rdf:about="#xyz"/>
    </daml:unionOf>
  </this:employed-by>
  <this:employee>
    <rtm:topic rdf:about="#nikita-ogievetsky"/>
  </this:employee>
</rtm:association>

Slide # 50

Scopes and DAML

<rtm:scope rdf:ID="not-english">
  <daml:complementOf parseType="daml:collection">
    <rtm:topic rdf:about="#english"/>
  </daml:complementOf>
</rtm:scope>

<rtm:scope rdf:ID="topic-maps-and-xslt-expert">
  <daml:intersectionOf parseType="daml:collection">
    <rtm:topic rdf:about="#topic-map-consultant"/>
    <rtm:topic rdf:about="#xslt-expert"/>
  </daml:intersectionOf>
</rtm:scope>

Slide # 51

Association Templates and DAML

<rtm:template rdf:ID="family">
  <rdfs:subClassOf>
    <daml:Restriction>
      <daml:onProperty rdf:resource="#wife"/>
      <daml:toClass rdf:resource="#female"/>
    </daml:Restriction>
  </rdfs:subClassOf>
  <rdfs:subClassOf>
    <daml:Restriction>
      <daml:onProperty rdf:resource="#husband"/>
      <daml:toClass rdf:resource="#male"/>
    </daml:Restriction>
  </rdfs:subClassOf>
  <rdfs:subClassOf>
    <daml:Restriction>
      <daml:onProperty rdf:resource="#wife"/>
      <daml:maxCoordinality rdf:resource="1"/>
    </daml:Restriction>
  </rdfs:subClassOf>
  <rdfs:subClassOf>
    <daml:Restriction>
      <daml:onProperty rdf:resource="#husband"/>
      <daml:maxCoordinality rdf:resource="1"/>
    </daml:Restriction>
  </rdfs:subClassOf>
</rtm:template>

Slide # 52

Issues

Slide # 53

@rdf:about ambiguity in RDF

rdf:about is used to both:

point to resources, for which in XTM <resourceRef> would have been used;
point to reified statements, for which in XTM <subjectIndicatorRef> or <topicRef> would have been used.

Slide # 54

@rdf:ID VS XTM @id

rdf:ID creates control vocabulary.
XTM id attribute serves purely for addressing purposes.
- Vocabularies are created by baseName elements.
- Vocabulary namespace is managed with scope.
- One topic can have several entries in one vocabulary;
- One topic can have entries in several vocabularies;
RDF vocabulary entries can be only XML IDs.
XTM vocabulary entries can have any character content (start with a digit, include white spaces, etc.).

Slide # 55

THANK YOU!

http://www.cogx.com/xtm2rdf
nogievet@cogx.com

XSLT Training in New York and all over the World:

http://www.cogx.com/training.html

Slide # 56

References

MIT:
XML Topic Maps (XTM) 1.0 TopicMaps.org Specification. http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/
Topicmaps.net's Processing Model for XTM 1.0, version 1.0.2. http://www.topicmaps.net/pmtm4.htm
XTM 1.0 Published Subject Indicators (December 4, 2000). http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/psi1.xtm
Michel Biezunski and Steven R. Newcomb. An API to a Topic Maps Graph, in XML. http://www.topicmaps.net/TMGraphAPI3.htm
Resource Description Framework (RDF). http://www.w3.org/RDF/
DARPA Agent Markup Language (DAML). http://www.daml.org
Nikita Ogievetsky. Harvesting XML Topic Maps from RDF. http://www.cogx.com/kt2001
Hans Holger Rath, Lars Marius Garshol. TMQL Requirements. 0.9.0. http://groups.yahoo.com/group/tmql-wg/files/official-docs/tmqlreqs.html
SQUISH. http://swordfish.rdfweb.org/rdfquery/
SIRPAC. http://www.w3.org/RDF/Implementations/SiRPAC/
RDFDB-QL. http://web1.guha.com/rdfdb/query.html.
XML-DEV thread. "RDF + Topic Maps = The Future & RDF? TM?". http://lists.xml.org/archives/xml-dev/200012/msg00291.html
Topic Maps/RDF co-operation. http://xmlhack.com/read.php?item=763
Eric van der Vlist. Representing XML Topic Maps as RDF. http://xmlhack.com/read.php?item=1108
Graham Moore. RDF and Topic Maps: An Exercise in Convergence. http://www.topicmaps.com/topicmapsrdf.pdf
Martin Lacher. On the integration of Topic Maps and RDF. http://www.semanticweb.org/SWWS/program/full/paper53.pdf
Jonathan Borden, Tim Bray. Resource Directory Description Language (RDDL). http://www.openhealth.org/RDDL/